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Powered by Springshare ; All rights reserved. Report a tech support issue. When those molecules are heated to high enough temperatures, the sand melts and loses its crystalline structure, and as it cools it gains an entirely different structure. That structure, on a molecular level, is somewhere in between a liquid and a solid.
This in-between state is known as an amorphous solid, which means it has some of the crystalline structure of a solid coupled with the molecular randomness of a liquid. Depending on the sand mixture, glass can have a variety of properties. To strengthen glass, manufacturers can use thermal tempering to heat and cool it rapidly.
Glass can also be strengthened chemically through an ion exchange process that makes the surface of the glass tougher. Glass, of course, falls into this last category. Photons pass through the material because they don't have sufficient energy to excite a glass electron to a higher energy level. Physicists sometimes talk about this in terms of band theory , which says energy levels exist together in regions known as energy bands.
In between these bands are regions, known as band gaps , where energy levels for electrons don't exist at all. Some materials have larger band gaps than others. Glass is one of those materials, which means its electrons require much more energy before they can skip from one energy band to another and back again.
Photons of visible light — light with wavelengths of to nanometers, corresponding to the colors violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red — simply don't have enough energy to cause this skipping. Consequently, photons of visible light travel through glass instead of being absorbed or reflected, making glass transparent.
At wavelengths smaller than visible light, photons begin to have enough energy to move glass electrons from one energy band to another. For example, ultraviolet light, which has a wavelength ranging from 10 to nanometers, can't pass through most oxide glasses, such as the glass in a window pane. This makes a window, including the window in our hypothetical house under construction, as opaque to ultraviolet light as wood is to visible light.
Sign up for our Newsletter! Mobile Newsletter banner close. Mobile Newsletter chat close. Mobile Newsletter chat dots. Mobile Newsletter chat avatar. Mobile Newsletter chat subscribe. Physical Science. Chemical Processes and Tests. What Makes Glass Transparent? That glass window is doing what it does best — keeping the inclement weather out while still permitting light to pass through. With technology becoming increasingly advanced, glass manufacturers have begun producing float glass that is much sturdier, durable and compatible with glass processing procedures of lamination, tempering, acid etching, sand blasting, etc.
At Asahi India Glass Ltd. The technique used is the PPG process which was discovered by Sir Alistair Pilkington in the year , and is still the most trusted float glass manufacturing process. Naturally, it has a lot of steps involved in it, and at each individual stage, great care is taken to be precise and thorough with the production of glass. From selecting the right type and ratios of ingredients for glass to assimilating them all scientifically to produce glass as we know it, here we answer the question of how is glass made through a step-by-step process: 1.
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