Feeding programs and practices on-farm can negatively or positively impact rumen fermentation, efficiency and products of the rumen microbes, and ultimately, milk production and reproductive performance. Microbial protein, along with protein not degraded in the rumen, flows to the small intestine.
Protein not digested in the rumen are known as ruminally undegraded protein or RUP, also formally known as bypass protein. In the small intestine, both sources of protein are broken down to amino acids and absorbed by the cells lining the small intestine and is called metabolizable protein or MP on many ration printouts.
They also calculate, based on the amount of metabolizable protein, the amount of milk this diet will support at the estimated intake. If intake is lower than estimated by the computer program, less metabolizable protein will be available and milk production will be lower than calculated.
One must realize that these programs model nutrient needs of the cow along with the rumen environment and microbes that in turn feed the cow. Thus, providing the rumen bacteria a consistent supply of nutrients is needed and this is where sound feeding management practices are important. Cows need to eat numerous meals throughout the day that are as consistent in composition as possible. Cows Need Amino Acids Not Protein Dairy cows, like all mammals, require amino acids, not proteins per se, which cells use as building blocks to form proteins needed for body functions, growth, reproduction, and milk production.
Never topdress urea over feed offered to cattle. Lightweight, young calves less than pounds or days old should not be fed urea. Cattle that are large enough and old enough to consume urea should be managed on feed for a few days before adding urea to the diet.
Do not feed urea to newly received cattle that have been off feed for a few days. Protein supplementation often accounts for a large proportion of supplemental feed costs. Several types of supplemental protein sources are available for beef cattle diets. Young, growing cattle and lactating cows are classes of cattle most likely to require protein supplementation. Prices, forms, and protein content of these supplements vary widely. Purchase protein supplements based on price per unit of protein.
Some protein supplements contain nonprotein nitrogen urea. Use caution when feeding urea-based supplements. There are several situations where NPN use is not appropriate including low quality forage diets and when feeding lightweight calves. For more information on protein in beef cattle diets, contact an office of the Mississippi State University Extension Service. Subscribe Marketing Packages Cookie Law.
Follow thecattlesite. Protein composition of forage and feed. Beef cow crude protein CP requirements by stage of production 1 1 pound expected peak milk production.
Stocker calf crude protein CP requirements by rate of gain 1 1 pound expected mature weight. Forage dry matter intake relative to forage crude protein concentration Source: Adapted from Moore and Kunkle, Dairy cows fed a low-energy diet around dry-off show signs of hunger 30 September Caring for first-calf heifers and calves 17 August Aussie beef science supports African farmers 28 July Genome technology is blueprint to more productive herds 08 July Analysis Latest Analysis.
Features Latest Features. Events Latest Events Submit Event. Contact About our site Our Team. Global Ag Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this site may be reproduced without permission. Ruminants, like cows, have stomachs with four parts and chew their cud. Ruminants are capable of digesting grass more completely since it stays in the digestive system longer. They have a section of their stomach called the rumen specifically for the fermentation of plant material.
They regurgitate the food and chew it to further break it down, called the cud. Examples of ruminants include cows, sheep, goats and deer. By using the site, you agree to the uses of cookies and other technology as outlined in our Policy, and to our Terms of Use.
Herbivores Animals that get all their nutrition from grass and other plants are called herbivores. After we chew and swallow our food, the stomach serves as a holding tank where digestion begins and food starts being separated into individual nutrients. Next, food passes into the small intestine where the breakdown continues and where the body absorbs nutrients. This basic digestive process is also true of cows, but there are a few extra steps along the way.
Cows are unique in that they have fewer teeth than other animals. In the front of the mouth, teeth known as incisors are only located on the bottom jaw. In addition, cattle have a relatively immobile upper lip compared to goats and sheep. Because of this unique oral anatomy, a cow uses its tongue to grasp a clump of grass and then bite it off. Teeth in the back of the mouth known as molars are located on the top and bottom jaws. Plant materials sometimes contain tough stems, but because a cow chews food in a side-to-side motion, the molars shred the grass into small pieces that are more easily digested.
Diagram 1. Diagram 2. Use the letters that label the stomach parts in Diagrams 1 and 2 to identify the similarities and differences between the two stomachs. Notice that the letters do more than identify the structures; they also map the path food travels on its digestive journey.
In the cow, rather than having a single pouch, there are four interconnected pouches, each with a unique function. When a cow first takes a bite of grass, it is chewed very little before it is swallowed.
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