List of Partners vendors. Industrialization has historically led to urbanization by creating economic growth and job opportunities that draw people to cities. Urbanization typically begins when a factory or multiple factories are established within a region, thus creating a high demand for factory labor. Other businesses such as building manufacturers, retailers, and service providers then follow the factories to meet the product demands of the workers.
This creates even more jobs and demands for housing, thus establishing an urban area. In the modern era, manufacturing facilities like factories are often replaced by technology-industry hubs. These technological hubs draw workers from other areas in the same way factories used to, contributing to urbanization.
Throughout the history of human civilization, urbanization patterns have been the strongest near large bodies of water. Initially, this was just to meet the water and food needs of large populations. However, since the Industrial Revolution , the trend of urbanization along waterways has continued because large bodies of water are needed to sustain the industry.
Not only do many businesses require large quantities of water to manufacture products, but they also depend on oceans and rivers for the transportation of goods. As industrialization creates economic growth, the demand for improved education and public works agencies that are characteristic of urban areas increases. This demand occurs because businesses looking for new technology to increase productivity require an educated workforce, and pleasant living conditions attract skilled workers to the area.
Once an area is industrialized, the process of urbanization continues for a much longer period of time as the area goes through several phases of economic and social reform. This occurred throughout the twentieth century, due to causes as diverse as the legal end of racial segregation established by Brown v. Current trends include middle-class African-American families following white flight patterns out of cities, while affluent whites return to cities that have historically had a black majority.
The result is that the issues of race, socio-economics, neighborhoods, and communities remain complicated and challenging. During the Industrial Era, there was a growth spurt worldwide. The development of factories brought people from rural to urban areas, and new technology increased the efficiency of transportation, food production, and food preservation.
Global favorites like New York, London, and Tokyo are all examples of postindustrial cities. As cities evolve from manufacturing-based industrial to service- and information-based postindustrial societies, gentrification becomes more common.
Gentrification occurs when members of the middle and upper classes enter and renovate city areas that have been historically less affluent while the poor urban underclass are forced by resulting price pressures to leave those neighborhoods for increasingly decaying portions of the city.
In comparison, Africa is only 40 percent urbanized. In the next forty years, the biggest global challenge for urbanized populations, particularly in less developed countries, will be to achieve development that occurs without depleting or damaging the natural environment, also called sustainable development United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division The issues of urbanization play significant roles in the study of sociology.
Race, economics, and human behavior intersect in cities. Functional perspectives on urbanization generally focus on the ecology of the city, while conflict perspective tends to focus on political economy. Human ecology is a functionalist field of study that looks at on the relationship between people and their built and natural physical environments Park Generally speaking, urban land use and urban population distribution occur in a predictable pattern once we understand how people relate to their living environment.
For example, in the United States, we have a transportation system geared to accommodate individuals and families in the form of interstate highways built for cars. In contrast, most parts of Europe emphasize public transportation such as high-speed rail and commuter lines, as well as walking and bicycling. The challenge for a human ecologist working in U. The concentric zone model Burgess is perhaps the most famous example of human ecology.
In this model, Zone A, in the heart of the city, is the center of the business and cultural district. Zone B, the concentric circle surrounding the city center, is composed of formerly wealthy homes split into cheap apartments for new immigrant populations; this zone also houses small manufacturers, pawn shops, and other marginal businesses.
Zone C consists of the homes of the working class and established ethnic enclaves. Zone D holds wealthy homes, white-collar workers, and shopping centers. Zone E contains the estates of the upper class in the exurbs and the suburbs. This illustration depicts the zones that make up a city in the concentric zone model. In contrast to the functionalist approach, theoretical models in the conflict perspective focus on the way urban areas change according to specific decisions made by political and economic leaders.
These decisions generally benefit the middle and upper classes while exploiting the working and lower classes. For example, sociologists Feagin and Parker suggested three factors by which political and economic leaders control urban growth.
First, these leaders work alongside each other to influence urban growth and decline, determining where money flows and how land use is regulated. Second, exchange value and use value of land are balanced to favor the middle and upper classes so that, for example, public land in poor neighborhoods may be rezoned for use as industrial land.
Accessibility to the Internet, better healthcare, education, recreational activities, social services, and more all improve livability.
Additionally, modern cities have the potential to better plan their city for sustainability and boost their economy. In theory, urbanization is a brilliant concept. However, urbanized cities are running into major problems as a result of a rapidly growing population.
Many urban cities have seen a population explosion that can be hard to plan for. As a result, employment opportunities may dry up quicker than expected — leading to unemployment. Additionally, housing problems may arise with a very high population density and can lead to poor housing conditions. These housing conditions are only exacerbated by unemployment issues. Unemployment and poor housing or, the unattainability of adequate housing is creating an influx of crime in urban cities as well.
As it stands today, urbanization has several major drawbacks. With so many people moving from rural areas, many urbanized cities are starting to see an overcrowding issue.
Major cities such as New York and Hong Kong are dealing with major congestion problems. Overpopulation is contributing to extreme traffic, the depletion of resources, pollution, and unemployment among many other issues.
This presents a range of additional unwanted side effects that impact the parking industry as a whole. Water and sanitation issues are surfacing because of rapid population increases. With so many people needing resources such as food, water, fuel, and waste management, the population of urbanized cities are suffering from a lower quality of life due to environmental reasons such as water scarcity, pollution, and sanitation.
Additionally, this is leading to the spread of disease and poor health in heavily populated areas. Urbanization is a double-edged sword. Experts are finding successfully reaping the benefits of urbanization while minimizing its major drawbacks may lie in the reconsideration of several aspects. It will fall upon the city government to prepare and plan for a rapidly growing population.
Planting trees, conserving energy and resources, and educating the public can make for a more efficient city. Urbanization is often discussed in reference to countries that are currently in the process of industrializing and urbanizing, but all industrialized nations have experienced urbanization at some point in their history. Moreover, urbanization is on the rise all over the globe.
One effect of this huge increase in people living in urban areas is the rise of the megacity, which is a city that has more than 10 million inhabitants. There are now cities with even more than that. Tokyo, Japan, for example, has nearly 40 million residents. Urban sprawl is when the population of a city becomes dispersed over an increasingly large geographical area.
This movement from higher density urban cores to lower density suburbs means that as cities expand, they often begin to take up significant tracts of land formerly used for agriculture.
As we move forward in the 21st century, the global population is likely to continue growing. Urban areas will continue to grow with the population. This continual growth presents complex challenges as we prepare for the cities of the future.
How we choose to manage urbanization will have consequences for our world for many years to come. Also called suburban sprawl. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit.
The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Tyson Brown, National Geographic Society. National Geographic Society.
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